Method and device for intra prediction

ABSTRACT

A method for decoding an image according to the present invention comprises the steps of: receiving and decoding MPM index information for indicating an MPM candidate which is to be used as an intra prediction mode of a current block; generating an MPM candidate list containing a plurality of MPM candidates for the current block; determining the MPM candidate indicated by the decoded MPM index information as the intra prediction mode of the current block, among the plurality of the MPM candidates which constitute the MPM candidate list; and generating a prediction block corresponding to the current block by performing intra prediction for the current block based on the determined intra prediction mode.

CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is a continuation of U.S. application Ser. No.15/864,475, filed Jan. 8, 2018, now allowed, which is a continuation ofU.S. application Ser. No. 15/412,143, filed Jan. 23, 2017, now U.S. Pat.No. 9,866,843, which is a continuation of U.S. application Ser. No.14/356,750, filed May 7, 2014, now U.S. Pat. No. 9,554,136, which is aU.S. National Phase Application of International Application No.PCT/KR2012/010490, filed on Dec. 5, 2012, which claims the benefit ofU.S. Provisional Application No. 61/567,055, filed on Dec. 5, 2011, ofwhich the entire contents of the prior applications are herebyincorporated by reference.

TECHNICAL FIELD

The present invention relates to a video processing technique, and moreparticularly, to intra prediction method and device.

BACKGROUND ART

In recent years, demands for a high-resolution and high-quality videosuch as a high definition (HD) video and an ultra high definition (UHD)video have increased in various fields of applications. However, asvideo data has a higher resolution and higher quality, an amount of dataor a bit rate of the video to be transferred increases more thanexisting video data. Accordingly, when video data is transferred usingmedia such as existing wired or wireless broadband lines or is stored inexisting storage media, the transfer cost and the storage cost thereofincrease. High-efficiency video compressing techniques can be used tosolve such problems.

Various techniques such as an inter prediction technique of predictingpixel values included in a current picture from a picture previous orsubsequent to the current picture, an intra prediction technique ofpredicting pixel values included in a current picture using pixelinformation in the current picture, and an entropy coding technique ofallocating a short codeword to a value of a high appearance frequencyand allocating a long codeword to a value of a low appearance frequencyare known as the video compressing techniques. It is possible toeffectively compress and transfer or store video data using such videocompressing techniques.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION Technical Problem

An object of the invention is to provide a video encoding method and avideo encoder which can improve video encoding/decoding efficiency andreduce complexity.

Another object of the invention is to provide a video decoding methodand a video decoder which can improve video encoding/decoding efficiencyand reduce complexity.

Still another object of the invention is to provide an intra predictionmethod and an intra prediction device which can improve videoencoding/decoding efficiency and reduce complexity.

Still another object of the invention is to provide video informationtransmitting method and device and device which can improve videoencoding/decoding efficiency and reduce complexity.

Still another object of the invention is to provide MPM candidate listconstructing method and device which can improve video encoding/decodingefficiency and reduce complexity.

Solution to Problem

According to an aspect of the invention, there is provided a videodecoding method. The video encoding method includes the steps ofreceiving and decoding MPM index information indicating a most probablemode (MPM) candidate to be used as an intra prediction mode of a currentblock; constructing an MPM candidate list including a plurality of MPMcandidates for the current block; determining the MPM candidateindicated by the decoded MPM index information out of the plurality ofMPM candidates constituting the MPM candidate list as the intraprediction mode of the current block; and constructing a predicted blockcorresponding to the current block by performing intra prediction on thecurrent block on the basis of the determined intra prediction mode.Here, the constructing the MPM candidate list includes determining afirst MPM candidate corresponding to a reconstructed first blockadjacent to the left side of the current block and a second MPMcandidate corresponding to a reconstructed second block adjacent to theupper side of the current block, and setting at least one of the firstMPM candidate and the second MPM candidate to a predetermined fixedposition in the MPM candidate list.

The constructing the MPM candidate list may include determining thefirst MPM candidate to be the intra prediction mode of the first blockand determining the second MPM candidate to be the intra prediction modeof the second block.

The constructing the MPM candidate list may include determining thefirst MPM candidate to be a DC mode when the first block is unavailable,and determining the second MPM candidate to be a DC mode when the secondblock is unavailable.

The constructing the MPM candidate list may include setting the firstMPM candidate to a first position in the MPM candidate list and settingthe second MPM candidate to a second position in the MPM candidate listwhen the first MPM candidate and the second MPM candidate are not equalto each other.

An index value of 0 may be allocated to the first MPM candidate set tothe first position in the MPM candidate list and an index value of 1 maybe allocated to the second MPM candidate set to the second position inthe MPM candidate list.

The MPM candidate list may include three MPM candidates.

The constructing the MPM candidate list may include setting a planarmode as a third MPM candidate to a third position in the MPM candidatelist when any of the first MPM candidate and the second MPM candidate isnot a planar mode, setting a DC mode as the third MPM candidate to thethird position in the MPM candidate list when one of the first MPMcandidate and the second MPM candidate is a planar mode and any of thefirst MPM candidate and the second MPM candidate is not a DC mode, andsetting a vertical mode as the third MPM candidate to the third positionin the MPM candidate list when one of the first MPM candidate and thesecond MPM candidate is a planar mode and the other is a DC mode.

An index value of 2 may be allocated to the third MPM candidate set tothe third position in the MPM candidate list.

According to another aspect of the present invention, there is provideda video decoder. The video decoder includes: an entropy decoding modulethat receives and decodes MPM index information indicating a mostprobable mode (MPM) candidate to be used as an intra prediction mode ofa current block; an intra prediction mode determining module thatconstructs an MPM candidate list including a plurality of MPM candidatesfor the current block and that determines the MPM candidate indicated bythe decoded MPM index information out of the plurality of MPM candidatesconstituting the MPM candidate list as the intra prediction mode of thecurrent block; and a predicted block constructing module that constructsa predicted block corresponding to the current block by performing intraprediction on the current block on the basis of the determined intraprediction mode. Here, the intra prediction mode determining moduledetermines a first MPM candidate corresponding to a reconstructed firstblock adjacent to the left side of the current block and a second MPMcandidate corresponding to a reconstructed second block adjacent to theupper side of the current block, and sets at least one of the first MPMcandidate and the second MPM candidate to a predetermined fixed positionin the MPM candidate list.

The intra prediction mode determining module may determine the first MPMcandidate to be the intra prediction mode of the first block and maydetermine the second MPM candidate to be the intra prediction mode ofthe second block.

The intra prediction mode determining module may determine the first MPMcandidate to be a DC mode when the first block is unavailable and maydetermine the second MPM candidate to be a DC mode when the second blockis unavailable.

The intra prediction mode determining module may set the first MPMcandidate to a first position in the MPM candidate list and may set thesecond MPM candidate to a second position in the MPM candidate list whenthe first MPM candidate and the second MPM candidate are not equal toeach other.

An index value of 0 may be allocated to the first MPM candidate set tothe first position in the MPM candidate list and an index value of 1 maybe allocated to the second MPM candidate set to the second position inthe MPM candidate list.

The MPM candidate list may include three MPM candidates.

The intra prediction mode determining module may set a planar mode as athird MPM candidate to a third position in the MPM candidate list whenany of the first MPM candidate and the second MPM candidate is not aplanar mode, may set a DC mode as the third MPM candidate to the thirdposition in the MPM candidate list when one of the first MPM candidateand the second MPM candidate is a planar mode and any of the first MPMcandidate and the second MPM candidate is not a DC mode, and may set avertical mode as the third MPM candidate to the third position in theMPM candidate list when one of the first MPM candidate and the secondMPM candidate is a planar mode and the other is a DC mode.

An index value of 2 may be allocated to the third MPM candidate set tothe third position in the MPM candidate list.

Advantageous Effects

By employing the video encoding method according to the presentinvention, it is possible to improve video encoding/decoding efficiencyand to reduce complexity.

By employing the video decoding method according to the presentinvention, it is possible to improve video encoding/decoding efficiencyand to reduce complexity.

By employing the intra prediction method according to the presentinvention, it is possible to improve video encoding/decoding efficiencyand to reduce complexity.

By employing the video information transmitting method according to thepresent invention, it is possible to improve video encoding/decodingefficiency and to reduce complexity.

By employing the MPM candidate list constructing method according to thepresent invention, it is possible to improve video encoding/decodingefficiency and to reduce complexity.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 is a block diagram schematically illustrating a video encoderaccording to an embodiment of the present invention.

FIG. 2 is a block diagram schematically illustrating a video decoderaccording to an embodiment of the present invention.

FIG. 3 is a diagram schematically illustrating an example of a quad treestructure of process units in a system to which the present invention isapplied.

FIG. 4 is a diagram schematically illustrating examples of predictiondirections of intra prediction modes used for intra prediction andprediction mode numbers allocated to the prediction directions.

FIG. 5 is a flowchart schematically illustrating an example of an intraprediction mode information transmitting method according to the presentinvention.

FIG. 6 is a flowchart schematically illustrating an example of an intraprediction method according to the present invention.

FIG. 7 is a diagram illustrating an example of a procedure ofdetermining MPM candidates and constructing an MPM candidate list.

FIG. 8 is a block diagram schematically illustrating an example of avideo encoder that transmits intra prediction mode information accordingto the present invention.

FIG. 9 is a block diagram schematically illustrating an example of avideo decoder that performs intra prediction according to the presentinvention.

DESCRIPTION OF EXEMPLARY EMBODIMENTS

The present invention may be variously modified in various forms and mayhave various embodiments, and specific embodiments thereof will beillustrated in the drawings and described in detail. However, theseembodiments are not intended for limiting the invention. Terms used inthe below description are used to merely describe specific embodiments,but are not intended for limiting the technical spirit of the invention.An expression of a singular number includes an expression of a pluralnumber, so long as it is clearly read differently. Terms such as“include” and “have” in this description are intended for indicatingthat features, numbers, steps, operations, elements, components, orcombinations thereof used in the below description exist, and it shouldbe thus understood that the possibility of existence or addition of oneor more different features, numbers, steps, operations, elements,components, or combinations thereof is not excluded.

On the other hand, elements of the drawings described in the inventionare independently drawn for the purpose of convenience of explanation ondifferent specific functions in an image encoder and an image decoder,and do not mean that the elements are embodied by independent hardwareor independent software. For example, two or more elements out of theelements may be combined to form a single element, or one element may besplit into plural elements. Embodiments in which the elements arecombined and/or split belong to the scope of the invention withoutdeparting from the concept of the invention.

Hereinafter, exemplary embodiments of the invention will be described indetail with reference to the accompanying drawings. The same elements inthe drawings will be referenced by the same reference signs and thedescription of the same elements will not be repeated.

FIG. 1 is a block diagram schematically illustrating a video encoderaccording to an embodiment of the present invention. Referring to FIG.1, a video encoder 100 includes a picture splitting module 105, aprediction module 110, a transform module 115, a quantization module120, a rearrangement module 125, an entropy encoding module 130, adequantization module 135, an inverse transform module 140, a filtermodule 145, and a memory 150.

The picture splitting module 105 may split an input picture into atleast one process unit block. Here, a block as the process unit may be aprediction unit (hereinafter, referred to as a “PU”), a transform unit(hereinafter, referred to as a “TU”), or a coding unit (hereinafter,referred to as a “CU”).

The prediction module 110 includes an inter prediction module thatperforms an inter prediction and an intra prediction module thatperforms an intra prediction. The prediction module 110 may perform aprediction on the process unit of a picture split by the picturesplitting module 105 to construct a predicted block. The process unit ofa picture in the prediction module 110 may be a CU, a TU, or a PU. Theprediction module 110 may determine whether the prediction performed onthe corresponding process unit is an inter prediction or an intraprediction, and may determine specific details (for example, aprediction mode) of the prediction methods may be determined. Theprocess unit subjected to the prediction may be different from theprocess unit of which the prediction method and the specific details aredetermined. For example, the prediction method and the prediction modemay be determined in the units of CU or PU and the prediction may beperformed in the units of TU.

In the inter prediction, a prediction may be performed on the basis ofinformation on at least one of a previous picture and/or a subsequentpicture of a current picture to construct a predicted block. In theintra prediction, a prediction may be performed on the basis of pixelinformation of a current picture to construct a predicted block.

A skip mode, a merge mode, a motion vector prediction (MVP), or the likemay be used as the intra prediction method. In the inter prediction, areference picture may be selected for a PU, and a reference block havingthe same size as the PU may be selected. The reference block may beselected in the unit of integer pixels. A predicted block may beconstructed so that a residual signal from a current PU is minimized andthe magnitude of a motion vector is minimized.

The predicted block may be constructed in the unit of integer pixelsamples or in the unit of pixel samples less than an integer pixel, suchas ½ pixel samples and ¼ pixel samples. Here, a motion vector may alsobe expressed in the unit of pixel samples less than an integer pixel.For example, luma pixels may be expressed in the unit of ¼ pixels andchroma pixels may be expressed in the unit of ⅛ pixels.

Information such as an index of a reference picture selected through theinter prediction, a motion vector (for example, a motion vectorpredictor), and a residual signal may be entropy-encoded and transmittedto a video decoder. When the skip mode is used, the predicted block maybe used as a reconstructed block and thus the residual signal may not becreated, converted, quantized, and transmitted.

When the intra prediction is performed, a prediction mode may bedetermined in the unit of PUs and the prediction may be performed in theunit of PUs. Alternatively, a prediction mode may be determined in theunit of PUs and the intra prediction may be performed in the unit ofTUs.

In the intra prediction, the prediction module 110 may determine anintra prediction mode of a PU and may perform a prediction on the basisof the determined intra prediction mode. The prediction modes in theintra prediction may include 33 directional prediction modes and atleast two non-directional modes. The non-directional modes may include aDC prediction mode and a planar mode.

In the intra prediction, a predicted block may be constructed after afilter is applied to reference samples. At this time, it may bedetermined whether a filter should be applied to reference samples,depending on the intra prediction mode of a current block and/or thesize of the current block.

Information on the intra prediction mode selected through the intraprediction may be entropy-encoded and transmitted to the video decoder.

A PU may be a block having various sizes/shapes. For example, in case ofthe inter prediction, a PU may be a 2N×2N block, a 2N×N block, a N×2Nblock, or a N×N block (where N is an integer). In case of the intraprediction, a PU may be a 2N×2N block or a N×N block (where N is aninteger). The PU having a block size of N×N may be set to be used inonly a specific case. For example, the PU having a block size of N×N maybe set to be used for only a CU having the smallest size or may be setto be used for only the intra prediction. In addition to theabove-mentioned sizes, PUs such as a N×mN block, a mN×N block, a 2N×mNblock, and a mN×2N block (where m<1) may be additionally defined andused.

Residual values (a residual block or a residual signal) between theconstructed predicted block and the original block may be input to thetransform module 115. The prediction mode information, the motion vectorinformation, and the like used for the prediction may be encoded alongwith the residual values by the entropy encoding module 130 and may betransmitted to the video decoder.

The transform module 115 may perform a transform operation on theresidual block by transform units and created transform coefficients.The transform unit in the transform module 115 may be a TU and may havea quad tree structure. The size of the transform unit may be determinedwithin a predetermined range of largest and smallest sizes. Thetransform module 115 may transform the residual block using a discretecosine transform (DCT) and/or a discrete sine transform (DST).

The quantization module 120 may quantize the residual values transformedby the transform module 115 and may create quantization coefficients.The values calculated by the quantization module 120 may be supplied tothe dequantization module 135 and the rearrangement module 125.

The rearrangement module 125 may rearrange the quantization coefficientssupplied from the quantization module 120. By rearranging thequantization coefficients, it is possible to enhance the codingefficiency in the entropy encoding module 130. The rearrangement module125 may rearrange the quantization coefficients in the form of atwo-dimensional block to the form of a one-dimensional vector throughthe use of a coefficient scanning method. The rearrangement module 125may enhance the entropy encoding efficiency in the entropy encodingmodule 130 by changing the coefficient scanning order on the basis ofstochastic statistics of the coefficients transmitted from thequantization module.

The entropy encoding module 130 may perform an entropy encodingoperation on the quantization coefficients rearranged by therearrangement module 125. Examples of the entropy encoding methodinclude an exponential golomb method, a CAVLC (Context-Adaptive VariableLength Coding) method, and a CABAC (Context-Adaptive Binary ArithmeticCoding) method. The entropy encoding module 130 may encode a variety ofinformation such as quantization coefficient information and block typeinformation of a CU, prediction mode information, split unitinformation, PU information, transfer unit information, motion vectorinformation, reference picture information, block interpolationinformation, and filtering information transmitted from therearrangement module 125 and the prediction module 110.

The entropy encoding module 130 may give a predetermined change to aparameter set or syntaxes to be transmitted, if necessary.

When the entropy encoding is performed, a low index value and a shortcodeword corresponding thereto may be allocated to a symbol of a highappearance frequency and a high index value and a long codewordcorresponding thereto may be allocated to a symbol of a low appearancefrequency. Therefore, it is possible to reduce an amount of bits forsymbols to be encoded and to improve video compression performance bythe entropy encoding.

The dequantization module 135 dequantizes the values quantized by thequantization module 120. The inverse transform module 140 inverselytransforms the values dequantized by the dequantization module 135. Theresidual values created by the dequantization module 135 and the inversetransform module 140 may be merged with the predicted block predicted bythe prediction module 110 to construct a reconstructed block.

FIG. 1 illustrates that the residual block and the predicted block areadded by an adder to construct a reconstructed block. Here, the addermay be considered as a particular module (reconstructed blockconstructing module) that constructs a reconstructed block.

The filter module 145 may apply a deblocking filter, a sample adaptiveoffset (SAO), and/or an adaptive loop filter (ALF) to the reconstructedpicture.

The deblocking filter may remove a block distortion generated at theboundary between blocks in the reconstructed picture. The SAO mayreconstruct an offset difference of the residual block, which has beensubjected to the deblocking filter, from the original video in the unitof pixels and may be applied in the form of a band offset and an edgeoffset. The ALF may perform a filtering on the basis of the resultantvalues of comparison of the original picture with the reconstructedpicture of which the blocks have been filtered by the deblocking filterand/or the SAO. The ALF may be applied only when high efficiency isnecessary.

On the other hand, the filter module 145 may not perform a filtering onthe reconstructed block used in the inter prediction.

The memory 150 may store the reconstructed block or picture calculatedby the filter module 145. The reconstructed block or picture stored inthe memory 150 may be supplied to the prediction module 110 thatperforms the inter prediction.

FIG. 2 is a block diagram schematically illustrating a video decoderaccording to an embodiment of the present invention. Referring to FIG.2, a video decoder 200 may include an entropy decoding module 210, arearrangement module 215, a dequantization module 220, an inversetransform module 225, a prediction module 230, a filter module 235, anda memory 240.

When a video bitstream is input from the video encoder, the inputbitstream may be decoded on the basis of the order in which videoinformation is processed by the video encoder.

For example, when the video encoder uses a variable length coding(hereinafter, referred to as “VLC”) method such as the CAVLC method toperform the entropy encoding operation, the entropy decoding module 210may implement the same VLC table as the VLC table used in the videoencoder and may perform the entropy decoding operation. When the videoencoder uses the CABAC method to perform the entropy encoding process,the entropy decoding module 210 may perform the entropy decodingoperation using the CABAC method to correspond thereto.

Information for constructing a predicted block out of the informationdecoded by the entropy decoding module 210 may be supplied to theprediction module 230, and the residual values entropy-decoded by theentropy decoding module 210 may be input to the rearrangement module215.

The rearrangement module 215 may rearrange the bitstream entropy-decodedby the entropy decoding module 210 on the basis of the rearrangementmethod in the video encoder. The rearrangement module 215 mayreconstruct and rearrange coefficients expressed in the form of aone-dimensional vector into coefficients in the form of atwo-dimensional block. The rearrangement module 215 may be supplied withinformation associated with the coefficient scanning performed by thevideo encoder and may perform the rearrangement using a method ofinversely scanning the coefficients on the basis of the scanning orderin which the scanning is performed by the video encoder.

The dequantization module 220 may perform dequantization on the basis ofthe quantization parameters supplied from the video encoder and thecoefficient values of the rearranged block.

The inverse transform module 225 may perform the inverse DCT and/orinverse DST of the DCT and/or DST, which has been performed by thetransform module of the video encoder, on the quantization result fromthe video encoder. The inverse transform may be performed on the basisof a transfer unit or a split unit of a picture determined by the videoencoder. The transform module of the video encoder may selectivelyperform the DCT and/or DST depending on plural information pieces suchas the prediction method, the size of a current block, and theprediction direction, and the inverse transform module 225 of the videodecoder may perform the inverse transform on the basis of the transforminformation on the transform performed by the transform module of thevideo encoder.

The prediction module 230 may construct a predicted block on the basisof prediction block construction information supplied from the entropydecoding module 210 and the previously-decoded block and/or pictureinformation supplied from the memory 240.

When the prediction mode of a current CU and/or PU is an intraprediction mode, the prediction module 230 may perform an intraprediction of constructing a predicted block on the basis of pixelinformation of a current picture. At this time, the prediction module230 may determine an intra prediction mode of the PU and may perform theprediction on the basis of the determined intra prediction mode. Here,when intra prediction mode-relevant information received from the videoencoder is confirmed, the intra prediction mode may be induced tocorrespond to the intra prediction mode-relevant information.

When the prediction mode for a current CU and/or PU is the interprediction mode, the prediction module 230 may perform the interprediction on the current PU on the basis of information included in atleast one of a previous picture and a subsequent picture of the currentpicture. At this time, motion information for the inter prediction ofthe current PU, for example, information on motion vectors and referencepicture indices, supplied from the video encoder may be induced from askip flag, a merge flag, and the like received from the video encoder.

The reconstructed block may be constructed using the predicted blockconstructed by the prediction module 230 and the residual block suppliedfrom the inverse transform module 225. FIG. 2 illustrates that theresidual block and the predicted block are added by an adder toconstruct a reconstructed block. Here, the adder may be considered as aparticular module (reconstructed block constructing module) thatconstructs a reconstructed block.

When the skip mode is used, the residual signal may not be transmittedand the predicted block may be used as a reconstructed block.

The reconstructed block and/or picture may be supplied to the filtermodule 235. The filter module 235 may perform a deblocking filtering, anSAO operation, and/or an ALF operation on the reconstructed block and/orpicture.

The memory 240 may store the reconstructed picture or block for use as areference picture or a reference block and may supply the reconstructedpicture to an output module.

In the below description, a current block may be a block which iscurrently subjected to encoding, decoding, and/or predictions and may bea block corresponding to a process unit when the encoding, decoding,and/or predictions are performed. For example, when a prediction isperformed on a current block, the current block may be a predictiontarget block corresponding to a current prediction unit. In the belowdescription, a block constructed through the prediction is referred toas a predicted block.

A “unit” means a process unit when encoding, decoding, and/orpredictions are performed and may be distinguished from a “block”indicating a set of pixels and/or samples. In the below description, forthe purpose of convenience of explanation, a “unit” may mean a “block”corresponding to the “unit”. For example, in the below description, aprediction target block corresponding to one prediction unit may bereferred to as a prediction unit, an encoding/decoding target blockcorresponding one encoding unit may be referred to as a coding unit.This distinction will be apparent to those skilled in the art.

FIG. 3 is a diagram schematically illustrating an example of a quad treestructure of process units in a system to which the present invention isapplied.

A coding unit (CU) may mean a unit in which a picture is subjected toencoding/decoding. One coding block in a coding target picture may havea depth based on a quad tree structure and may be repeatedlypartitioned. A coding block which is not partitioned any more may be thecoding unit, and the video encoder may perform an encoding operation onthe coding unit. The coding unit may have various sizes such as 64×64.32×32. 16×16, and 8×8.

Here, a coding block repeatedly partitioned on the basis of a quad treestructure may be referred to as a coding tree block (CTB). One codingtree block may not be additionally partitioned. In this case, the codingtree block itself may be one coding unit. Therefore, the coding treeblock may correspond to a largest coding unit (LCU) which is a codingunit having the largest size. On the other hand, a coding unit havingthe smallest size in the coding tree block may be referred to as asmallest coding unit (SCU).

Referring to FIG. 3, the coding tree block 300 may have a hierarchicalstructure including smaller coding units 310 through the partitioningand the hierarchical structure of the coding tree block 300 may bespecified on the basis of size information, depth information, partitionflag information, and the like. The size information, the partitiondepth information, and the partition flag information of a coding treeblock may be transmitted from the video encoder to the video decoder ina state where they are included in a sequence parameter set (SPS) in abit stream.

On the other hand, it may be determined in the units of coding unitswhich of the inter prediction and the intra prediction should beperformed. When the inter prediction is performed, an inter predictionmode and motion information may be determined by prediction units. Whenthe intra prediction is performed, an intra prediction mode may bedetermined by prediction units. At this time, as described above, theprocess unit by which the prediction is performed and the process unitby which the prediction method and the specific details are determinedmay be equal to or different from each other. For example, theprediction method and the prediction mode may be determined in the unitof prediction units and the prediction may be performed in the unit oftransform units.

Referring to FIG. 3, one coding unit 310 may be used as one predictionunit or may be partitioned into plural prediction units. In case ofintra prediction 320, a partitioning mode of a coding unit (and/or aprediction unit) may be 2N×2N or N×N (where N is an integer). In case ofinter prediction 330, a partitioning mode of a coding unit (and/or aprediction unit) may be 2N×2N, 2N×N, N×2N, N×N, 2N×nU, 2N×nD, nL×2N, ornR×2N (where N is an integer). The partitioning mode is an example andthe method of partitioning a coding unit into prediction units is notlimited to the example. For example, only four types of 2N×2N, 2N×N,N×2N, N×N may be used as a partitioning mode of a coding unit (and/or aprediction unit) in the inter prediction 330, or another partitioningmode in addition to the eight types of partitioning modes may beadditionally used.

On the other hand, as described above with reference to FIGS. 1 and 2,in case of the intra mode, the prediction module may perform aprediction on the basis of pixel information in a reconstructed regionof a current picture and may construct a predicted block of the currentblock. For example, the prediction module may predict pixel values inthe current block using pixels in reconstructed blocks located on theupper side, the left side, the left-upper side, and/or the right-upperside of the current block.

FIG. 4 is a diagram schematically illustrating examples of predictiondirections of intra prediction modes used for the intra prediction andprediction mode numbers allocated to the prediction directions.

The intra prediction may be performed on the basis of the intraprediction mode of the current block. The respective intra predictionmodes used for the intra prediction may have a predetermined angleand/or a prediction direction and a predetermined prediction mode numbermay be allocated to each intra prediction mode. Examples of the intraprediction mode may include angular modes including a vertical mode anda horizontal mode, a DC mode, and a planar mode depending on positionsand/or prediction methods of reference pixels used to predict pixelvalues of the current block.

For example, referring to 410 in FIG. 4, the prediction mode numberallocated to the planar mode may be 0 and the prediction mode numberallocated to the DC mode may be 3. The prediction mode number allocatedto the vertical mode may be 1 and the prediction mode number allocatedto the horizontal mode may be 2. The other prediction mode numbers maybe respectively allocated to the angular modes other than the verticalmode and the horizontal mode depending on the angles and/or theprediction directions of the intra prediction modes.

For example, referring to 420 in FIG. 4, the prediction mode numberallocated to the planar mode may be 0 and the prediction mode numberallocated to the DC mode may be 1. The prediction mode number allocatedto the vertical mode may be 26 and the prediction mode number allocatedto the horizontal mode may be 10. The other prediction mode numbers maybe respectively allocated to the angular modes other than the verticalmode and the horizontal mode depending on the angles and/or theprediction directions of the intra prediction modes.

In the vertical mode, a prediction is performed in the verticaldirection using pixel values in blocks adjacent to the current block. Inthe horizontal mode, a prediction is performed in the horizontaldirection using pixel values in blocks adjacent to the current block. Inthe DC mode, a fixed value may be used as a predicted value of pixels inthe current block. Here, for example, the fixed value may be derived byaveraging the neighboring pixel values of the current block. In theplanar mode, predicted values of prediction target pixels located in thecurrent block may be derived through a predetermined cacluating on thebasis of the pixel values of plural neighboring pixels of the currentblock. At this time, plural pixels used to predict the prediction targetpixels may be determined differently depending on the positions of theprediction target pixels. In the other angular modes other than thevertical mode and the horizontal mode, the prediction may be performeddepending on the angle and/or the direction determined in advance foreach mode.

The prediction module may use the predetermined prediction directionsand the predetermined prediction mode numbers as illustrated in 410 and420 of FIG. 4. For example, the number of intra prediction modes whichcan be used for the current block may vary depending on the size of thecurrent block. For example, the number of intra prediction modes whichcan be used for the current block may be a predetermined fixed value.For example, the number of intra prediction modes which can be used forthe current block may be 35. The 35 intra prediction modes may includethe planar mode, the DC mode, and the angular modes (where the angularmodes may include the vertical mode and the horizontal mode).

The prediction directions of the intra prediction modes and theprediction mode numbers allocated to the intra prediction modes are notlimited to the above-mentioned example, and may be determined to bedifferent from 410 and 420 of FIG. 4 if necessary. In the belowdescription, for the purpose of convenience of explanation, it isassumed that the intra prediction is performed on the basis of the intraprediction modes having the prediction directions and the predictionmode numbers illustrated in 410 of FIG. 4, as long as it is mentioneddifferently. However, the present invention is not limited to thisassumption, and the intra prediction modes illustrated in 420 of FIG. 4or the identical or similar methods may be applied when the predictiondirections and the prediction mode numbers are determined in differentways.

In the below description, the prediction mode number may be referred toas a mode number or a mode value for the purpose of convenience ofexplanation.

As described above, after determining an intra prediction mode, thevideo encoder may encode information on the determined intra predictionmode and may transmit the encoded information to the video decoder. Theinformation on the intra prediction mode may be transmitted as a valueitself indicating the prediction mode, or a method of transmitting intraprediction mode information on the basis of the mode value predicted forthe intra prediction mode may be used so as to improve transmissionefficiency. In the below description, a prediction mode used as apredicted value of an intra prediction mode of a current block isreferred to as a most probable mode (MPM).

FIG. 5 is a flowchart schematically illustrating an example of an intraprediction mode information transmitting method according to the presentinvention.

Referring to FIG. 5, the video encoder may construct an MPM candidatelist (S510). The process of constructing the MPM candidate list may beperformed by the prediction module of the video encoder illustrated inFIG. 1.

The MPM candidate list may include plural MPM candidates. That is, thevideo encoder may derive plural MPM candidates on the basis of the intraprediction modes of plural neighboring blocks adjacent to the currentblock and may allocate the MPM candidates to the MPM candidate list. Atthis time, the video encoder may use the intra prediction modes of theneighboring blocks themselves as the MPM candidates corresponding to theneighboring blocks, or may use particular intra prediction modesdetermined depending on a predetermined condition as the MPM candidatescorresponding to the neighboring blocks.

For example, the current block and the neighboring blocks may be blockscorresponding to a PU.

MPM index values may be allocated to the plural MPM candidatesconstituting the MPM candidate list. For example, an index value of 0may be allocated to a first MPM candidate in the MPM candidate list. Anindex value of 1 may be allocated to a second MPM candidate in the MPMcandidate list. Similarly, an index value of n−1 may be allocated to ann-th MPM candidate (where n is a natural number) in the MPM candidatelist.

Here, the “n-th MPM candidate” may be an MPM candidate located at then-th position in the MPM candidate list or may be an MPM candidateallocated in the n-th order to the MPM candidate list. Therefore, arelatively-small index value may be considered to be allocated to an MPMcandidate located relatively ahead in the MPM candidate list or an MPMcandidate relatively early allocated to the MPM candidate list. Forexample, an index value of 0 may be allocated to the first MPM candidateand a largest index value may be allocated to the final MPM candidate.In the below description, an MPM candidate to which an index value ofn−1 is allocated out of the MPM candidates constituting the MPMcandidate list is referred to as an n-th MPM candidate (where n is anatural number) for the purpose of convenience of explanation.

On the other hand, in order to guarantee parsing robustness whenderiving the MPM candidate list, the video encoder may determine thatthe number of MPM candidates included in the MPM candidate list isfixed. That is, the video encoder may use a predetermined fixed numberof MPM candidates to encode the intra prediction modes. For example, thenumber of MPM candidates constituting the MPM candidate list may befixed to 2. For example, the number of MPM candidates constituting theMPM candidate list may be fixed to 3.

When the number of MPM candidates included in the MPM candidate list isfixed, the number of MPM candidates derived to correspond to theneighboring blocks may be smaller than the fixed number. For example, itis assumed that the number of MPM candidates included in the MPMcandidate list is fixed to 3 and two neighboring blocks are used toinduce the MPM candidates. At this time, the number of MPM candidatesderived to correspond to the neighboring blocks may be 2. When the intraprediction modes of the two neighboring blocks are equal to each other,the number of MPM candidates induced to correspond to the neighboringblocks may be 1. In this case, the video encoder may determine anadditional MPM candidate and may allocate the determined additional MPMcandidate to the MPM candidate list. Here, the additionally-induced MPMcandidate may be selected from the intra prediction modes other than theMPM candidates induced to correspond to the neighboring blocks.

Specific examples of the method of determining MPM candidates and themethod of allocating the MPM candidates to the MPM candidate list willbe described later.

Referring to FIG. 5 again, the video encoder may generate information onthe intra prediction modes on the basis of the MPM candidate list andmay encode and transmit the information to the video decoder (S520). Theprocess of generating the information on the intra prediction modes maybe performed, for example, by the prediction module of the video encoderdescribed with reference to FIG. 1. The process of encoding andtransmitting the intra prediction mode information may be performed, forexample, by the entropy encoding module of the video encoder describedwith reference to FIG. 1.

The video encoder may generate MPM flag information by determiningwhether an MPM candidate to be used as the intra prediction mode of thecurrent block is present in the plural MPM candidates constituting theMPM candidate list, that is, whether the predicted value of the intraprediction mode is used as the intra prediction mode of the currentblock. Here, the MPM flag may be a flag specifying whether an MPMcandidate to be used as the intra prediction mode of the current blockis present in the plural MPM candidates constituting the MPM candidatelist. For example, the MPM flag may be expressed by a syntax element ofprev_intra_luma_pred_flag. The generated MPM flag information may beencoded by the entropy encoding module of the video encoder and may betransmitted to the video decoder.

When an MPM candidate to be used as the intra prediction mode of thecurrent block is present in the MPM candidate list, the video encodermay generate MPM index information indicating an MPM candidate to beused as the intra prediction mode of the current block out of the pluralMPM candidates constituting the MPM candidate list. For example, the MPMindex information may indicate an index value allocated to the MPMcandidate to be used as the intra prediction mode of the current block.The MPM index information may be expressed, for example, by a syntaxelement mpm_idx. The generated MPM index information may be encoded bythe entropy encoding module of the video encoder and may be transmittedto the video decoder.

When an MPM candidate to be used as the intra prediction mode of thecurrent block is not present in the MPM candidate list, the videoencoder may derive a remaining mode corresponding to the intraprediction mode of the current block on the basis of the plural MPMcandidates constituting the MPM candidate list and the intra predictionmode of the current block. For example, the mode value of the remainingmode may be a value obtained by subtracting the number of MPM candidateshaving a mode value smaller than that of the intra prediction mode ofthe current block from the mode value of the intra prediction mode ofthe current block. The remaining mode may be expressed, for example, bya syntax element of rem_intra_luma_pred_mode. The induced remaining modemay be encoded by the entropy encoding module of the video encoder andmay be transmitted to the video decoder.

FIG. 5 schematically illustrates operations of the video encoder so asto easily understand the present invention in consideration of detailsrelevant to the intra prediction mode, but this is for convenience ofexplanation and the operations of the video encoder in the presentinvention may include all the operations described with reference toFIG. 1.

FIG. 6 is a flowchart schematically illustrating an example of an intraprediction method according to the present invention.

Referring to FIG. 6, the video decoder may receive intra prediction modeinformation from the video encoder and may decode the receivedinformation (S610). The decoding process may be performed, for example,by the entropy decoding module of the video decoder described withreference to FIG. 2. The intra prediction mode information received fromthe video encoder may include MPM flag information, MPM indexinformation, and/or remaining mode information.

Referring to FIG. 6, the video decoder may construct an MPM candidatelist (S620).

The video decoder may derive MPM candidates in the same method as in thevideo encoder and may construct the MPM candidate list. The process ofconstructing the MPM candidate list may be performed by the predictionmodule of the video decoder illustrated in FIG. 2.

The MPM candidate list may include plural MPM candidates. That is, thevideo decoder may induce plural MPM candidates on the basis of the intraprediction modes of plural neighboring blocks adjacent to the currentblock and may allocate the MPM candidates to the MPM candidate list. Atthis time, the video decoder may use the intra prediction modes of theneighboring blocks themselves as the MPM candidates corresponding to theperipheral blocks, or may use particular intra prediction modesdetermined depending on a predetermined condition as the MPM candidatescorresponding to the neighboring blocks. For example, the current blockand the neighboring blocks may be blocks corresponding to a PU.

Specific details relevant to construction of the MPM candidate list arethe same as those of the process of constructing the MPM candidate listin the video encoder described with reference to FIG. 5, and thusspecific description thereof will not be repeated. Specific examples ofthe method of determining MPM candidates and the method of allocatingthe MPM candidates to the MPM candidate list will be described later.

Referring to FIG. 6 again, the video decode may derive the intraprediction mode of the current block on the basis of the MPM candidatelist and the intra prediction mode information (S630). The process ofinducing the intra prediction mode may be performed, for example, by theprediction module of the video decoder described with reference to FIG.2.

The video decoder may determine whether an MPM candidate to be used asthe intra prediction mode of the current block is present in the pluralMPM candidates constituting the MPM candidate list on the basis of theMPM flag information received from the video encoder. The MPM flaginformation is described above with reference to FIG. 5 and thusspecific description thereof will not be repeated.

When an MPM candidate to be used as the intra prediction mode of thecurrent block is present in the MPM candidate list, the video decodermay determine the MPM candidate indicated by the MPM index informationto be the intra prediction mode of the current block. The MPM indexinformation is described above with reference to FIG. 5 and thusspecific description thereof will not be repeated.

When an MPM candidate to be used as the intra prediction mode of thecurrent block is not present in the MPM candidate list, the videodecoder may derive the intra prediction mode of the current block on thebasis of the MPM candidate list and the remaining mode received from thevideo encoder. For example, it is assumed that the number of MPMcandidates constituting the MPM candidate list is N (where N is anatural number) and the mode values of the MPM candidates are mode1,mode2, . . . , modeN. Further, it is assumed when X is smaller, then thesmaller value is allotted to modeX. When X is in a range of 1 to N−1 andthe mode value of the remaining mode is equal to or greater thanmodeX-(X−1) and smaller than mode(X+1)−X, the intra prediction modevalue of the current block may be determined to be a value obtained byadding X to the mode value of the remaining mode. When X is equal to Nand the mode value of the remaining mode is equal to or greater thanmodeN-(N−1), the intra prediction mode value of the current block may bedetermined to be a value obtained by adding N to the mode value of theremaining mode.

Referring to FIG. 6 again, the video decoder may construct a predictedblock corresponding to the current block by performing the intraprediction on the current block on the basis of the intra predictionmode of the current block (S640).

FIG. 6 schematically illustrates operations of the video decoder so asto easily understand the present invention in consideration of detailsrelevant to the intra prediction mode, but this is for convenience ofexplanation and the operations of the video decoder in the presentinvention may include all the operations described with reference toFIG. 2.

FIG. 7 is a diagram illustrating an example of the process ofdetermining MPM candidates and constructing an MPM candidate list.

As described above, the prediction modules of the video encoder and thevideo decoder may derive plural MPM candidates on the basis of the intraprediction modes of the plural neighboring blocks adjacent to thecurrent block and may allocate the MPM candidates to the MPM candidatelist.

710 of FIG. 7 illustrates an example of neighboring blocks used toderive MPM candidates.

Referring to 710 of FIG. 7, a left neighboring block (block A) adjacentto the left side of the current block and an upper neighboring block(block B) adjacent to the upper side of the current block may be used toderive the MPM candidates. Here, the current block may be a block to becurrently predicted and may be a block corresponding to a PU. Block Aand block B may be blocks corresponding to a PU.

720 of FIG. 7 illustrates another example of neighboring blocks used toinduce MPM candidates.

The current block and block A and block B used to derive the MPMcandidates may have the same size as illustrated in 710 of FIG. 7, butmay have different sizes. For example, as illustrated in 720 of FIG. 7,the sizes of blocks adjacent to the left side and/or the upper side ofthe current block may be different from the size of current block. Inthis case, the number of blocks located adjacent to the left side and/orthe upper side of the current block may be one or more.

Referring to 720 of FIG. 7, a block (block A) located at the uppermostposition of the blocks adjacent to the left side of the current blockand a block (block B) located at the leftmost position of blocksadjacent to the upper side of the current block may be used to derivethe MPM candidates. Here, the current block may be a block to becurrently predicted and may be a block corresponding to a PU. Block Aand block B may be blocks corresponding to a PU.

In 710 and 720 of FIG. 7, block A and block B may be specified aspositions of pixels belonging to block A and pixels belonging to blockB. The positions of the pixels belonging to block A and the positions ofthe pixels belonging to block B may be determined, for example, aspositions relative to the leftmost-upper pixel in the current block. Forexample, the position of the leftmost-upper pixel in the current blockis assumed to be (xB, yB). At this time, block A may be specified as theposition of the pixel corresponding to (xB−1, yB) and block B may bespecified as the position of the pixel corresponding to (xB, yB−1).

In the below examples, as in 710 and 720 of FIG. 7, the process ofderiving MPM candidates on the basis of a block adjacent to the leftside of the current block and a block adjacent to the upper side of thecurrent block and constructing an MPM candidate list will be described.In the below description, a block adjacent to the left side of thecurrent block is referred to as “block A” and a block adjacent to theupper side of the current block is referred to as “block B”, for thepurpose of convenience of explanation. In the example illustrated inFIG. 7, block A and block B may be referred to as neighboring blocks insome cases.

The block subjected to the encoding/decoding process using the intramode out of block A and block B may have an intra prediction mode. Inthe below description, the intra prediction mode of the block A isreferred to as “mode A” and the intra prediction mode of block B isreferred to as “mode B”, for the purpose of convenience of explanation.

The MPM candidates of the current block may be derived on the basis ofmode A which is the intra prediction mode of block A and mode B which isthe intra prediction mode of block B. At this time, the predictionmodule may determine the MPM candidate corresponding to block A and theMPM candidate corresponding to block B, and may determine an additionalMPM candidate if necessary.

For example, the MPM candidate derived to correspond to block A may bean intra prediction mode of block A, and the MPM candidate derived tocorrespond to block B may be an intra prediction mode of block B.However, the MPM candidate corresponding to block A may be determined tobe a predetermined intra prediction mode other than the intra predictionmode of block A, and the MPM candidate corresponding to block B may bedetermined to be a predetermined intra prediction mode other than theintra prediction mode of block B.

In the below description, the MPM candidate derived to correspond toblock A is referred to as “MPM candidate A” and the MPM candidatederived to correspond to block B is referred to as “MPM candidate B”.

For example, in FIG. 7, MPM candidate A may be determined to be mode Aand MPM candidate B may be determined to be mode B. When mode A and modeB are equal to each other, the number of MPM candidates allocated to theMPM candidate list may be one. In this case, one MPM candidate may beused as a predicted value of the intra prediction mode of the currentblock. When mode A and mode B are not equal to each other, the number ofMPM candidates allocated to the MPM candidate list may be two. In thiscase, the video encoder may encode MPM index information indicating theMPM candidate to be used as the intra prediction mode of the currentblock and may transmit the encoded information to the video decoder. Thevideo decoder may determine whether the MPM candidate to be used as theintra prediction mode of the current block is mode A or mode B.

On the other hand, as described above, in order to guarantee parsingrobustness when deriving the MPM candidate list, the prediction modulemay determine the number of MPM candidates to be constant. That is, theprediction module may use a predetermined fixed number of MPM candidatesto encode/decode the intra prediction mode. For example, the number ofMPM candidates constituting the MPM candidate list may be fixed to 2.For example, the number of MPM candidates constituting the MPM candidatelist may be fixed to 3.

Examples of the method of inducing the MPM candidates and constructingthe MPM candidate list when the number of MPM candidates constitutingthe MPM candidate list is fixed to 2 will be described below.

In an example, when both of mode A and mode B are unavailable, theprediction module may determine the first MPM candidate allocated to theMPM candidate list to be the planar mode (for example, the mode value ofthe planar mode may be 0 when the prediction mode number is allocated asin 410 of FIG. 4), and may determine the second MPM candidate allocatedto the MPM candidate list to be the DC mode (for example, the mode valueof the DC mode may be 3 when the prediction mode number is allocated asin 410 of FIG. 4). Here, for example, the prediction module may allocateMPM candidate A and MPM candidate B to the MPM candidate list afterdetermining MPM candidate A to be the planar mode and determining MPMcandidate B to be the DC mode. In another example, the prediction modulemay determine that any of MPM candidate A and MPM candidate B is notavailable and may allocate the planar mode and the DC mode as additionalMPM candidates to the MPM candidate list.

The case where mode A and mode B are unavailable may include a casewhere the neighboring blocks are located outside the current pictureand/or the current slice and a case where the prediction modes of theneighboring blocks are not intra prediction modes.

When only one of mode A and mode B is available, the prediction modulemay determine the MPM candidate corresponding to the neighboring blockhaving the unavailable mode to be the planar mode, or may determine thatthe MPM candidate corresponding to the neighboring block having theunavailable mode is not available and may determine the planar mode asthe additional MPM candidate. At this time, for example, the predictionmodule may allocate the planar mode as the first MPM candidate to theMPM candidate list and may allocate the available intra prediction modeout of mode A and mode B as the second MPM candidate to the MPMcandidate list. Here, when the available intra prediction mode of mode Aand mode B is the planar mode, the DC mode may be allocated as thesecond MPM candidate to the MPM candidate list so as to avoidredundancy.

When both of mode A and mode B are available and mode A and mode B areequal to each other, the prediction module may determine the planar modeas an additional MPM candidate. When both of mode A and mode B areavailable, mode A may be determined to be MPM candidate A and mode B maybe determined as MPM candidate B. Since mode A and mode B are equal toeach other, MPM candidate A and MPM candidate B may be equal to eachother.

At this time, for example, the prediction module may allocate the planarmode as the first MPM candidate to the MPM candidate list, and mayallocate mode A (and/or MPM candidate A) and/or mode B (and/or MPMcandidate B) as the second MPM candidate to the MPM candidate list.Here, when mode A (and/or MPM candidate A) and/or mode B (and/or MPMcandidate B) are the planar mode, the DC mode may be allocated as thesecond MPM candidate to the MPM candidate list so as to avoidredundancy.

When both of mode A and mode B are available and mode A and mode B aredifferent from each other, the prediction module may allocate mode A andmode B as the MPM candidates to the MPM candidate list. When both ofmode A and mode B are available as described above, mode A may bedetermined to be MPM candidate A and mode B may be determined to be MPMcandidate B. At this time, for example, the intra prediction mode havingthe smaller mode value out of mode A (and/or MPM candidate A) and/ormode B (and/or MPM candidate B) may be determined as the first MPMcandidate and the intra prediction mode having the larger mode value outof mode A (and/or MPM candidate A) and/or mode B (and/or MPM candidateB) may be determined as the second MPM candidate.

In another example, when both of mode A and mode B are available andmode A and mode B are different from each other, the prediction modulemay allocate mode A (and/or MPM candidate A) and/or mode B (and/or MPMcandidate B) to predetermined fixed positions in the MPM candidate list.That is, when mode A and mode B are used as the MPM candidates, the MPMindex values allocated to mode A (and/or MPM candidate A) and/or mode B(and/or MPM candidate B) may be predetermined fixed values. For example,the prediction module may allocate mode A (and/or MPM candidate A) asthe first MPM candidate to the MPM candidate list and may allocate modeB (and/or MPM candidate B) as the second MPM candidate to the MPMcandidate list. In this case, an index value of 0 may be allocated tomode A (and/or MPM candidate A) and an index value of 1 may be allocatedto mode B (and/or MPM candidate B). In another example, the predictionmodule may allocate mode B (and/or MPM candidate B) as the first MPMcandidate to the MPM candidate list and may allocate mode A (and/or MPMcandidate A) as the second MPM candidate to the MPM candidate list. Inthis case, an index value of 0 may be allocated to mode B (and/or MPMcandidate B) and an index value of 1 may be allocated to mode A (and/orMPM candidate A).

When mode A (and/or MPM candidate A) and/or mode B (and/or MPM candidateB) are allocated to predetermined fixed positions in the MPM candidatelist, the computational load of the video encoder and the video decodermay be reduced in comparison with a case where the intra prediction modehaving the smaller mode value out of mode A (and/or MPM candidate A)and/or mode B (and/or MPM candidate B) is determined to be the first MPMcandidate. This is because a computing operation of comparing the modevalue of mode A (and/or MPM candidate A) and/or the mode value of mode B(and/or MPM candidate B) can be removed.

In another example, the prediction module may fix the first MPMcandidate to the planar mode when deriving the MPM candidate list ofwhich the number of MPM candidates is fixed to 2. That is, the first MPMcandidate allocated to the MPM candidate list may be always determinedto be the planar mode. At this time, the MPM index value allocated tothe planar mode as the first MPM candidate may be 0.

At this time, for example, the prediction module may allocate mode A asthe second MPM candidate to the MPM candidate list. When mode A isunavailable or is the planar mode, the prediction module may allocatemode B as the second MPM candidate to the MPM candidate list. When modeB is also unavailable or is the planar mode, the DC mode may beallocated as the second MPM candidate to the MPM candidate list. An MPMindex value of 1 may be allocated to the intra prediction mode allocatedas the second MPM candidate. In this case, in comparison with theabove-mentioned examples, the appearance frequency of the process ofchecking availability of mode B may be reduced. Since the mode value ofthe mode A and the mode value of mode B do not need to be compared, itis possible to complexity in the video encoder and the video decoder.

In another example, when the first MPM candidate is fixed to the planarmode, the prediction module may allocate mode A as the second MPMcandidate to the MPM candidate list. In this case, when mode A isunavailable or is the planar mode, the prediction module may allocatethe DC mode as the second MPM candidate to the MPM candidate listinstead of referring to mode B. In this case, since availability of modeB does not need to be checked, it is possible to reduce complexity inthe video encoder and the video decoder in comparison with theabove-mentioned examples.

In another example, when the first MPM candidate is fixed to the planarmode, the prediction module may allocate the intra prediction mode of alatest-encoded or latest-decoded block as the second MPM candidate tothe MPM candidate list instead of referring to mode A or mode B. Whenthe intra prediction mode of the latest-encoded or latest-decoded blockis unavailable or is the planar mode, the DC mode may be allocated asthe second MPM candidate to the MPM candidate list. Here, the case wherethe intra prediction mode of the latest-encoded or latest-decoded blockis unavailable may include a case where the block is a block encoded ordecoded in the inter mode. The latest-encoded or latest-decoded blockmay be, for example, a PU. In this case, since availability of mode Aand availability of mode B do not need to be checked, it is possible toreduce complexity in the video encoder and the video decoder.

On the other hand, in the above-mentioned examples, it is assumed thatthe number of MPM candidates constituting the MPM candidate list isfixed to 2, but the present invention is not limited to these examples.For example, the process of inducing the MPM candidates and the processof allowing the induced MPM candidates to the MPM candidate list may beidentically or similarly applied to a case where the number of MPMcandidates constituting the MPM candidate list is fixed to 3. Here, twoMPM candidates are induced in the above-mentioned examples. Accordingly,when the number of MPM candidates constituting the MPM candidate list isfixed to 3, an additional MPM candidate may be further derived inaddition to the two MPM candidates. Here, examples of theadditionally-induced MPM candidate include the planar mode, the DC mode,and the vertical mode.

An example of the method of inducing MPM candidates and constructing anMPM candidate list when the number of MPM candidates constituting theMPM candidate list is fixed to 3 will be described below. The process ofconstructing the MPM candidate list to be described below may beperformed by the prediction module of the video encoder and/or the videodecoder.

The method of constructing the MPM candidate list when the number of MPMcandidates is fixed to 3 may be embodied in various aspects. Allpossible combinations for embodying the various aspects will not bedescribed in the examples to be described below, but it will beunderstand by those skilled in the art that other combinations arepossible.

First, the prediction module may determine MPM candidate A correspondingto block A on the basis of block A adjacent to the left side of thecurrent block and may determine MPM candidate B corresponding to block Bon the basis of block B adjacent to the upper side of the current block.

As described above, the prediction module may use the intra predictionmode of a neighboring block themselves (for example, block A or block B)as the MPM candidate corresponding to the neighboring block, but may usea particular intra prediction mode determined depending on apredetermined condition as the MPM candidate corresponding to theneighboring block.

For example, when the neighboring block (for example, block A or blockB) is a block located outside the current picture and/or the currentslice to which the current block belongs, the intra prediction mode ofthe neighboring block may be unavailable. Accordingly, in this case, theprediction module may set the MPM candidate corresponding to theneighboring block to the DC mode. For example, when block A is a blocklocated outside the current picture and/or the current slice, MPMcandidate A may be set to the DC mode. When block B is a block locatedoutside the current picture and/or the current slice, MPM candidate Bmay be set to the DC mode.

When the prediction mode of the neighboring block (for example, block Aor block B) is not an intra mode, that is, when the neighboring block isnot a block encoded or decoded using the intra mode, the neighboringblock may not have intra prediction mode information. Accordingly, inthis case, the prediction module may set the MPM candidate correspondingto the neighboring block to the DC mode. For example, when theprediction mode of block A is not an intra mode, MPM candidate A may beset to the DC mode. When the prediction mode of block B is not an intramode, MPM candidate B may be set to the DC mode.

When block B adjacent to the upper side of the current block is locatedoutside the coding tree block (CTB) to which the current block belongs,MPM candidate B corresponding to block B may be set to the DC mode.

Otherwise, the MPM candidate corresponding to the neighboring block (forexample, block A or block B) may be determined to be the intraprediction mode of the neighboring block. For example, MPM candidate Amay be set to mode A which is the intra prediction mode of the block Aand MPM candidate B may be set to mode B which is the intra predictionmode of block B.

When MPM candidate A and MPM candidate B are determined through theabove-mentioned processes, the prediction module may construct the MPMcandidate list on the basis of the determined MPM candidates.

For example, MPM candidate A and MPM candidate B may be equal to eachother. Here, when MPM candidate A is the planar mode or the DC mode, theplanar mode may be allocated as the first MPM candidate to the MPMcandidate list, the DC mode may be allocated as the second MPMcandidate, and the vertical mode may be allocated as the third MPMcandidate. At this time, an MPM index value of 0 may be allocated to theplanar mode, an MPM index value of 1 may be allocated to the DC mode,and an MPM index value of 2 may be allocated to the vertical mode.

When MPM candidate A and MPM candidate B are equal to each other and MPMcandidate A is not the planar mode nor the DC mode, MPM candidate A maybe allocated as the first MPM candidate to the MPM candidate list andtwo intra prediction modes having prediction directions most similar oradjacent to the prediction direction of MPM candidate A may be allocatedas the second and third MPM candidates to the MPM candidate list. Atthis time, an MPM index value of 0 may be allocated to MPM candidate Aand MPM index values of 1 and 2 may be allocated to the second and thirdMPM candidates.

In another example, MPM candidate A and MPM candidate B may be differentfrom each other. In this case, the prediction module may allocate MPMcandidate A and MPM candidate B to predetermined fixed positions in theMPM candidate list. That is, the MPM index values allocated to MPMcandidate A and MPM candidate B may be predetermined fixed values. Asdescribed above, when MPM candidate A and MPM candidate B are allocatedto predetermined fixed positions in the MPM candidate list, thecomputing operation of comparing the mode values of MPM candidate A andMPM candidate B may be removed and it is thus possible to reducecomplexity.

For example, the prediction module may allocate MPM candidate A as thefirst MPM candidate to the MPM candidate list and may allocate MPMcandidate B as the second MPM candidate to the MPM candidate list. Atthis time, an index value of 0 may be allocated to MPM candidate A andan index value of 1 may be allocated to MPM candidate B.

When MPM candidate A and MPM candidate B are different from each other,the prediction module may allocate an additional intra prediction modeas the third MPM candidate to the MPM candidate list. At this time, anindex value of 2 may be allocated to the additionally-allocated thirdMPM candidate.

For example, when any of MPM candidate A and MPM candidate B is not theplanar mode, the intra prediction mode additionally allocated as thethird MPM candidate to the MPM candidate list may be the planar mode.Otherwise (when one of MPM candidate A and MPM candidate B is the planarmode), when any of MPM candidate A and MPM candidate B is not the DCmode, the intra prediction mode additionally allocated as the third MPMcandidate to the MPM candidate list may be the DC mode. Otherwise (whenone of MPM candidate A and MPM candidate B is the planar mode and theother is the DC mode), the intra prediction mode additionally allocatedas the third MPM candidate to the MPM candidate list may be the verticalmode.

In the above-mentioned example, for example, when the prediction modenumbers are allocated as in 420 of FIG. 4, the mode value of the planarmode may be 0, the mode value of the DC mode may be 1, and the modevalue of the vertical mode may be 26.

The process of constructing the MPM candidate list in theabove-mentioned examples may be similarly applied to the video encoderand the video decoder. When the MPM candidate list is constructed, theconstructed MPM candidate list may be used to generate the intraprediction mode information as described above. The MPM candidate listconstructed by the video decoder may be used to determine the intraprediction mode of the current block as described above with referenceto FIG. 6.

FIG. 8 is a block diagram schematically illustrating an example of avideo encoder that transmits the intra prediction mode informationaccording to the present invention.

In the example illustrated in FIG. 8, the video encoder 800 may includea prediction module 810 and an entropy encoding module 820. Theprediction module may further include an MPM candidate list constructingmodule 813 and an intra prediction mode information generating module816.

In the example illustrated in FIG. 8, the process of constructing theMPM candidate list and the process of generating the intra predictionmode information are described to be performed by different elements,but this is intended for convenience of explanation and understanding ofthe present invention and the present invention is not limited to thisconfiguration. For example, the process of constructing the MPMcandidate list and the process of generating the intra prediction modeinformation may be a part of a series of processes which are performedby the prediction module. In addition, the MPM candidate listconstructing module 813 and/or the intra prediction mode informationgenerating module 816 may be included as individual elements in thevideo encoder.

Referring to FIG. 8, the MPM candidate list constructing module 813 mayconstruct the MPM candidate list including plural MPM candidates.

The MPM candidate list constructing module 813 may induce at least oneMPM candidate on the basis of the intra prediction mode of at least oneneighboring block adjacent to the current block and may allocate theinduced MPM candidate to the MPM candidate list. At this time, the MPMcandidate list constructing module 813 may use the intra prediction modeof the neighboring block as the MPM candidate corresponding to theneighboring block, or may use a particular intra prediction modedetermined depending on a predetermined condition as the MPM candidatecorresponding to the neighboring block. For example, the current blockand the neighboring block may be blocks corresponding to a PU.

The examples of the process of constructing the MPM candidate list aredescribed above with reference to FIGS. 5 to 7 and thus specificdescription thereof will not be repeated herein.

Referring to FIG. 8 again, the intra prediction mode informationgenerating module 816 may generate information on the intra predictionmode on the basis of the MPM candidate list.

The intra prediction mode information generated by the intra predictionmode information generating module 816 may include MPM flag information,MPM index information, and remaining mode information. Specific examplesof the intra prediction mode information generated by the video encoderare described above with reference to FIG. 5 and thus specificdescription thereof will not be repeated herein.

Referring to FIG. 8 again, the entropy encoding module 820 may performan entropy encoding operation on the intra prediction mode information.The entropy encoding module 820 may transmit the entropy-encodedinformation to the video decoder. Here, the transmitting process isdescribed to be performed by the entropy encoding module 820, but thisis intended for convenience of explanation and the present invention isnot limited to this configuration. For example, the transmitting processmay be performed by a transmission module included as a particularmodule in the video encoder.

FIG. 8 schematically illustrates operations and elements of the videoencoder so as to easily understand the present invention inconsideration of details relevant to the intra prediction mode, but thisis for convenience of explanation and the operations and elements of thevideo encoder in the present invention may include all the operationsand elements described with reference to FIG. 1.

FIG. 9 is a block diagram schematically illustrating an example of avideo decoder that performs an intra prediction according to the presentinvention.

In the example illustrated in FIG. 9, the video decoder 900 may includean entropy decoding module 910 and a prediction module 920. Theprediction module may further include an MPM candidate list constructingmodule 923, an intra prediction mode determining module 926, and apredicted block constructing module 929.

In the example illustrated in FIG. 9, the process of constructing an MPMcandidate list, the process of determining an intra prediction mode, andthe process of constructing a predicted block are described to beperformed by different elements, but this is for convenience ofexplanation and understanding of the present invention and the presentinvention is not limited to this configuration. For example, the processof constructing an MPM candidate list, the process of determining anintra prediction mode, and the process of constructing a predicted blockmay be a part of a series of processes performed by the predictionmodule. In addition, the MPM candidate list constructing module 923and/or the intra prediction mode determining module 926 may be includedas individual elements in the video decoder.

Referring to FIG. 9, the entropy decoding module 910 may receiveinformation on the intra prediction mode from the video encoder and mayentropy-decode the received information. The intra prediction modeinformation received from the video encoder may include MPM flaginformation, MPM index information, and/or remaining mode information.Here, the receiving process is described to be performed by the entropydecoding module 910, but this is for convenience of explanation and thepresent invention is not limited to this configuration. For example, thereceiving process may be performed by a receiving module included as aparticular element in the video decoder.

Referring to FIG. 9 again, the MPM candidate list constructing module923 may construct an MPM candidate list including plural MPM candidates.At this time, the MPM candidate list constructing module 923 may inducethe MPM candidates and may construct the MPM candidate list in the sameway as in the video encoder.

The MPM candidate list constructing module 923 may induce at least oneMPM candidate on the basis of the intra prediction mode of at least oneneighboring block adjacent to the current block and may allocate theinduced MPM candidate to the MPM candidate list. At this time, the MPMcandidate list constructing module 923 may use the intra prediction modeof the neighboring block as the MPM candidate corresponding to theneighboring block, or may use a particular intra prediction modedetermined depending on a predetermined condition as the MPM candidatecorresponding to the neighboring block. For example, the current blockand the neighboring block may be blocks corresponding to a PU.

The examples of the process of constructing the MPM candidate list arethe same as in the video encoder and are described above with referenceto FIGS. 5 to 7 and thus specific description thereof will not berepeated herein.

Referring to FIG. 9 again, the intra prediction mode determining module926 may determine the intra prediction mode of the current block on thebasis of the MPM candidate list and the intra prediction modeinformation.

The intra prediction mode determining module 926 may determine whetheran MPM candidate to be used as the intra prediction mode of the currentblock is present in the plural MPM candidates included in the MPMcandidate list on the basis of the MPM flag information received fromthe video encoder. When an MPM candidate to be used as the intraprediction mode of the current block is present in the MPM candidatelist, the intra prediction mode determining module 926 may determine theMPM candidate indicated by the MPM index information to be the intraprediction mode of the current block. When an MPM candidate to be usedas the intra prediction mode of the current block is not present in theMPM candidate list, the intra prediction mode determining module 926 maydetermine the intra prediction mode of the current block on the basis ofthe MPM candidate list and the remaining mode information received fromthe video encoder.

Referring to FIG. 9 again, the predicted block constructing module 929may construct a predicted block corresponding to the current block byperforming an intra prediction on the current block on the basis of theintra prediction mode of the current block.

FIG. 9 schematically illustrates operations and elements of the videodecoder so as to easily understand the present invention inconsideration of details relevant to the intra prediction mode, but thisis for convenience of explanation and the operations and elements of thevideo decoder in the present invention may include all the operationsand elements described with reference to FIG. 2.

While the methods in the above-mentioned embodiments have been describedon the basis of the flowcharts as a series of steps or blocks, theinvention is not limited to the order of the steps and a certain stepmay be performed in an order other than described above or at the sametime as described above. The above-mentioned embodiments include variousexamples. Therefore, the invention includes all substitutions,corrections, and modifications belonging to the appended claims.

When it is mentioned above that an element is “connected to” or “coupledto” another element, it should be understood that still another elementmay be interposed therebetween, as well as that the element may beconnected or coupled directly to another element. On the contrary, whenit is mentioned that an element is “connected directly to” or “coupleddirectly to” another element, it should be understood that still anotherelement is not interposed therebetween.

The invention claimed is:
 1. A video decoding method, comprising:receiving, by a decoding apparatus, index information indicating acandidate mode of an intra prediction mode of a current block;constructing, by the decoding apparatus, a candidate mode list includinga plurality of candidate modes for the current block; determining, bythe decoding apparatus, the intra prediction mode of the current blockbased on the candidate mode indicated by the index information from theplurality of candidate modes constituting the candidate mode list;deriving, by the decoding apparatus, a predicted sample in the currentblock based on the determined intra prediction mode; generating, by thedecoding apparatus, a reconstructed sample based on the derivedpredicted sample; and applying a deblocking filter to the reconstructedsample, wherein the constructing the candidate mode list includes:setting a firstly ordered candidate mode and a secondly orderedcandidate mode based on a first intra mode being derived based on afirst block adjacent to a left side of the current block and a secondintra mode being derived based on a second block adjacent to an upperside of the current block, wherein the second intra mode is set to be aDC mode based on the second block being unavailable, wherein the firstlyordered candidate mode is set equal to a planar mode and the secondlyordered candidate mode is set equal to the DC mode based on an intraprediction mode of the first block being the planar mode and the secondblock being unavailable, wherein the first intra mode is set to be theDC mode based on the first block being unavailable and the second intramode is set to be the DC mode based on the second block beingunavailable, and wherein the firstly ordered candidate mode is set equalto a planar mode and the secondly ordered candidate mode is set equal tothe DC mode based on an intra prediction mode of the first block and thesecond block being unavailable, respectively.
 2. The method of claim 1,wherein the constructing the candidate mode list includes determiningthat the first block is not available when the first block is locatedoutside a current picture or a current slice and determining that thesecond block is not available when the second block is located outsideof the current picture or the current slice.
 3. The method of claim 1,wherein the constructing the candidate mode list includes determiningthat the first block is not available when the first block is not ablock coded with an intra mode and determining that the second block isnot available when the second block is not a block coded with an intramode.
 4. The method of claim 1, wherein the first intra mode is set tothe firstly ordered candidate mode and the second intra mode is set tothe secondly ordered candidate mode when the first intra mode is notequal to the second intra mode.
 5. The method of claim 1, wherein theplanar mode is set to the firstly ordered candidate mode and the DC modeis set to the secondly ordered candidate mode when both the first intramode and the second intra mode are the planar mode.
 6. The method ofclaim 1, wherein the planar mode is set to the firstly ordered candidatemode and the DC mode is set to the secondly ordered candidate mode whenboth the first intra mode and the second intra mode are the DC mode. 7.A video encoding method, comprising: determining, by an encodingapparatus, intra prediction is applied to a current block; constructing,by the encoding apparatus, a candidate mode list including a pluralityof candidate modes for the current block; generating, by the encodingapparatus, index information indicating one of the candidate modes ofthe candidate mode list as an intra prediction mode of the currentblock; and encoding, by the encoding apparatus, video informationincluding the index information, wherein the constructing the candidatemode list includes: setting a firstly ordered candidate mode and asecondly ordered candidate mode based on a first intra mode beingderived based on a first block adjacent to a left side of the currentblock and a second intra mode being derived based on a second blockadjacent to an upper side of the current block, wherein the second intramode is set to be a DC mode based on the second block being unavailable,wherein the firstly ordered candidate mode is set equal to a planar modeand the secondly ordered candidate mode is set equal to the DC modebased on an intra prediction mode of the first block being the planarmode and the second block being unavailable, wherein the first intramode is set to be the DC mode based on the first block being unavailableand the second intra mode is set to be the DC mode based on the secondblock being unavailable, and wherein the firstly ordered candidate modeis set equal to a planar mode and the secondly ordered candidate mode isset equal to the DC mode based on an intra prediction mode of the firstblock and the second block being unavailable, respectively.
 8. Themethod of claim 7, wherein the constructing the candidate mode listincludes determining that the first block is not available when thefirst block is located outside a current picture or a current slice anddetermining that the second block is not available when the second blockis located outside of the current picture or the current slice.
 9. Themethod of claim 7, wherein the constructing the candidate mode listincludes determining that the first block is not available when thefirst block is not a block coded with an intra mode and determining thatthe second block is not available when the second block is not a blockcoded with an intra mode.
 10. The method of claim 7, wherein the firstintra mode is set to the firstly ordered candidate mode and the secondintra mode is set to the secondly ordered candidate mode when the firstintra mode is not equal to the second intra mode.
 11. A non-transitorydecoder-readable storage medium storing an encoded video informationgenerated by an encoding process comprising: determining, by an encodingapparatus, intra prediction is applied to a current block; constructing,by the encoding apparatus, a candidate mode list including a pluralityof candidate modes for the current block; generating, by the encodingapparatus, index information indicating one of the candidate modes ofthe candidate mode list as an intra prediction mode of the currentblock; and encoding, by the encoding apparatus, video informationincluding the index information, wherein the constructing the candidatemode list includes: setting a firstly ordered candidate mode and asecondly ordered candidate mode based on a first intra mode beingderived based on a first block adjacent to a left side of the currentblock and a second intra mode being derived based on a second blockadjacent to an upper side of the current block, wherein the second intramode is set to be a DC mode based on the second block being unavailable,wherein the firstly ordered candidate mode is set equal to a planar modeand the secondly ordered candidate mode is set equal to the DC modebased on an intra prediction mode of the first block being the planarmode and the second block being unavailable, wherein the first intramode is set to be the DC mode based on the first block being unavailableand the second intra mode is set to be the DC mode based on the secondblock being unavailable, and wherein the firstly ordered candidate modeis set equal to a planar mode and the secondly ordered candidate mode isset equal to the DC mode based on an intra prediction mode of the firstblock and the second block being unavailable, respectively.